PECT -Practice Test For the Pennsylvania Educator// Module

PECT Practice Test

For the Pennsylvania Educator Certification Tests

PreK-4 Test

Learning to Teach
Richard I. Arends

PART 1 Teaching and Learning

in Today’s Classrooms

CHAPTER 1

The Scientific Basis for the Art of Teaching

Describe how perspectives on effective teaching have changed over time and how

teachers’ roles have changed as a result of historical and demographic forces.

Identify and discuss the essential attributes of the effective teacher for twenty-first-century schools. Explain how learning to teach is a developmental process and describe the flexible stages teachers go through as they progress

from novice to expert status.

Teaching Challenges for the Twenty-First Century:

No crystal ball can let us look fully into the future. Certain trends, however, are likely to continue, and some aspects of education and teaching will remain the same, while others may change rather dramatically (see Figure 1.2). On one hand, the tremendous changes occurring in the way information is stored and accessed with computers and digital technologies hold the potential to change many aspects of education. The Internet has already demonstrated its potential of connecting students to a vast array of resources not previously available as well as to other people around the world. Many believe that the Internet will become if it hasn’t already, the primary medium for information and will

substantially redefine other forms of print and visual publications. Several commentators, such as Friedman (2006), Gore (2007), and Tapscott (2008), predict that the Internet will replace television as the primary means for political and social dialogue and will become the “intellectual commons” for global-wide collaborative communities. Obviously, this has important implications for education and the goals and curricula we devise.

On the other hand, it is likely, at least in the immediate future, that society will continue to require young people to go to school. Education will remain committed to a variety of goals and some new ones may be added, but academic learning will remain the most important. Also, it is not likely that the physical space called school will change drastically in the foreseeable future. Organizing and accounting for instruction will change, and online education and virtual schooling will expand, but if history is a guide, this change will come slowly. Schools will likely continue to be based in communities, and

teachers will continue to provide instruction to groups of children in rectangular rooms.

Contemporary reform efforts show the potential of bringing new and radical perspectives about what academic learning means and how it can best be achieved. New perspectives also are emerging as to what constitutes community and its relationship to the common school. The nature of the student population and the expectations for teachers are additional factors that likely will change in the decades ahead.

Module - 1

Selected-Response Items:

1. Hard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences focuses primarily on which of the following aspects of education?

Ans: the various ways in which children think and learn

2. A PreK-4 teacher can best create a culturally inclusive classroom environment for all students by regularly:

Ans: Encourage students to share information about their cultures with the class.

3. A kindergarten teacher observes two children playing together. The children are attempting to use blocks and other play materials to build a bridge for their toy cars. The first bridge that they build collapses when they begin to roll the toy cars across it. Which of the following teacher questions would best promote the development of the student's reasoning and problem-solving skills?

Ans: Why do you think the bridge fell over? How can you build the bridge differently?

4. Children who demonstrate typical language development most often begin using two-word utterances between the ages of:

Ans: 18 to 24 months

5. As second-grade students are learning a new science concept, the teacher helps them acquire knowledge and skills that they could not acquire on their own by using prompts, giving suggestions, providing feedback, and modeling activities. In this situation, which of the following strategies is the teacher primarily using to foster students' cognitive development?

Ans: scaffolding

(Scaffolding refers to the support that is provided to students to promote their learning and problem-solving. Such support can be given in many forms, such as providing clues, reminders, examples encouragement, breaking a problem into a series of steps, or any other method that promotes a student's understanding and independence in learning. Because every student is unique, scaffolding is most effective when the teacher chooses scaffolding techniques that take into consideration a student's particular characteristics and needs and that reflect the specific challenges that the student is currently facing as a learner.)

6. A prekindergarten teacher wants to establish a classroom environment in which spontaneous play is encouraged and play is recognized and valued as meaningful learning. Which of the following strategies would likely be most effective for the teacher to use to achieve this goal?

Ans: ensuring that a variety of materials are available in the classroom for students to try out and explore during playtime

7. PreK-4 teachers have the goal of being culturally competent educators who use an understanding of diversity among young children to plan developmentally, culturally, and linguistically appropriate instruction that meets the needs of all their students. The most important first step for the teachers to take in achieving this goal is to:

Ans: examine their own cultures and beliefs and their impact on interactions with students.

8. According to convergent research, which of the following factors has been shown to have the greatest effect on a child's language development?

Ans: the amount of verbal input the child receives from caregivers and others

9. Which of the following is an essential component of a formative assessment?

Ans: monitoring and adjusting a teaching strategy during the learning process based on individual student progress

10. A third-grade teacher develops an assessment for a particular unit prior to writing up the daily lesson plans for the unit. The most important advantage of this approach is that it helps the teacher:

Ans: align daily lessons and activities with the targeted learning outcomes

11. Which of the following assessment practices would be considered ethical?

Ans: using ongoing informal assessments of students' learning to guide the instructional process

12. A fourth-grade teacher uses a variety of techniques, including questioning and journal prompts, to check for students' understanding of content-area instruction. Which of the following outcomes is likely to be the most important benefit of this strategy?

Ans: helping the teacher identify areas where students may need additional reinforcement

13. A kindergarten teacher frequently uses home-school notebooks to communicate with families about their children's progress. For example, the teacher and family of one student recently used such a notebook to keep one another informed about the student's progress in mastering specific self-help skills. This approach is likely to be most effective in promoting which of the following outcomes?

Ans: establishing partnerships with families in the assessment of their children's learning and development

14. Using spreadsheet software to maintain students' performance data is likely to provide a teacher with the most support in which of the following areas?

Ans: identifying specific gaps in students' learning

15. Which of the following statements best describes the major role of assessment anchors in the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA)?

Ans: clarifying the standards assessed on the PSSA to0 support students' learning of essential skills and knowledge

16. A fourth-grade class includes a number of students who are English language learners. The teacher is designing formative assessments to measure students' understanding of a specific science concept. When developing this assessment, the teacher can use Pennsylvania's Language Proficiency Standards for English Language Learners Pre-K-12 (ELPS) most effectively to:

Ans: help ensure that the language function of the assessment is appropriate for the student's level of English language proficiency.

17. A student who is an English language learner who qualifies for migrant education services joins a second-grade class partly into the school year. The teacher is preparing to administer a variety of informal assessments to the student. Which of the following teacher goals should be the main focus of these assessments?

Ans: identifying any specific weaknesses in the student's academic knowledge and skills

18. A first-grade teacher uses a language experience approach with beginning-level students who are English language learners. A student dictates a story based on personal experience to the teacher who writes the story verbatim. The teacher then leads the student in various reading and language activities using the dictated text. A primary benefit of this approach is that it helps the student:

Ans: make connections between oral and written English

19. Which of the following accommodations to a content-area reading assignment be4st provides universal access for all learners?

Ans: providing digital textbooks with features such as images, text-to-speech, videos, and modifiable text

20. A second-grade teacher is reading a story aloud to a class that includes several students who are English language learners. Throughout the reading, the teacher pauses to verify students' comprehension. The teacher encourages all students to speak and participate in discussions during and after the reading. Which of the following types of feedback from the teacher would provide meaningful English language input to the students who are English language learners during the discussions?

Ans: responding to the intent and content of the students' utterances

21. A kindergarten teacher works with two students who are English language learners who have no prior exposure to English. She exposes them to natural English in meaningful contexts but does not push them to contribute to discussions. She allows them to respond to questions nonverbally or with one-word answers. The teacher's actions best demonstrate her awareness that second-language learners often:

Ans: go through a silent period during which they produce very little oral language

22. 22. Which of the following characteristics would indicate typical cognitive development in a four-year-old child?

Ans: having difficulty matching a toy car to a picture of a car

23. A kindergarten teacher is planning to read aloud a picture book to the class. One of the students in the class has a visual impairment that severely limits vision to several inches. Which of the following accommodations would best help this student participate in this activity?

Ans: Provide an individual copy of the book for the student to look at

24. An ILP annual review meeting has been scheduled for a second-grade student who is currently placed in a general education classroom full-time. Which of the following elements of the review is most likely to be provided by the student's general education teacher?

Ans: a description of the present level of performance the student has achieved

25. Which of the following statements accurately describes a central principle of the family systems theory?

Ans: individual family members are mutually influenced by and dependent on one another

26. In support of a schoolwide initiative to enhance the learning environment for students with disabilities, fourth-grade teachers will be participating in regular, meetings with special education professionals. The primary focus of these meetings should be to:

Ans: examine the effectiveness of current practices in meeting the needs of students with disabilities and make adjustments as needed

27. Federal law allows schools to disclose information in a student's educational records without parental consent to which of the following individuals?

Ans: educators with a legitimate educational interest in the student

28. A new third-grade teacher believes that too much instructional time is being used each day to pass out students' graded work, so the teacher decides to put

A new third-grade teacher believes that too much instructional time is being used each day to pass out students' graded work, so the teacher decides to put graded papers in a basket for students to pick up on their own throughout the day. This action is considered inappropriate primarily because of it:

Ans: infringes on the student's right to privacy

29. A kindergarten teacher's weekly newsletter includes information about community programs and special events that are designed specifically for children. This practice is likely to be most effective in helping the teacher achieve which of the following goals?

Ans: connecting families with resources to help promote their children's learning and development

30. During a routine parent-teacher conference, a student's parent confides to the teacher about a recent job loss. The single parent, with an infant and toddler at home, explains that child care, health insurance, and housing are no longer affordable. In this situation, the teacher's most important priority should be to:

Ans: connect the parent to available support services in the community

31. 31. Which of the following preconditions is most essential to effective collaboration among a group of teachers with diverse philosophies and teaching styles?

Ans: recognizing that they have a common goal of educating the students entrusted to their care

32. A new teacher regularly writes in a teaching journal. In addition to considering the success of his lessons, the teacher reflects on his interactions with students and on how his thoughts and actions during these interactions were culturally motivated. This strategy best demonstrates the teacher's awareness of which of the following principles?

Ans: Personal values and beliefs can influence a teacher's communication practices

33. A kindergarten teacher who wants to provide a positive social context for learning decides that one way to do this is to ensure educational equity for all students. The teacher can best promote such equity by:

Ans: Provide all students with support in meeting high standards of achievement.

34. A teacher learns that the district is considering requiring all first-grade students to engage in academic testing that the teacher believes is developmentally inappropriate. In this situation, the teacher can best serve as an advocate for students by taking which of the following actions first?

Ans: talking to the school principal about the issue

35. After reviewing midyear testing data, a fourth-grade teacher is concerned about an increase in achievement differences between groups of students in the class. In attempting to address this issue, the teacher should begin by:

Ans: Examine personal attitudes, expectations, and practices regarding learning for all students in the class.

36. In choosing a professional development activity from among various options, a teacher's first consideration should be to determine which option is most likely to:

Ans: provide research-based information relevant to current instructional issues or needs

27. Teachers have an ethical responsibility to:

Ans: respond to the needs of all students

38. According to privacy rights guidelines, a teacher could appropriately share a student's school records with which of the following individuals?

Ans: A school counselor who believes the student would benefit from participating in upcoming small-group counseling sessions.

39. In a PreK-4 program that practices a philosophy of inclusion for students with disabilities, a fundamental responsibility for teachers is to ensure that students with disabilities:

Ans: are active participants in all class activities

40. A new teacher's meetings with an assigned mentor are likely to be most productive if the new teacher:

Ans: prepares for each meeting by identifying particular classroom concerns to discuss

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1. Child Development Stages:

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development theorizes that children will learn more effectively if they are allowed to actively adapt to the world around them through play and exploration rather than being taught skills and knowledge by others.

Piaget's theory suggests that there are four major stages that children will go through as they begin to acquire new skills that will aid their ability to learn and process information independently. The four stages of cognitive development that Piaget identifies are the sensorimotor stage, which spans from ages zero to two; the preoperational stage, spanning from ages two to seven, the concrete operational stage for ages seven to 11; and the formal operational stage for ages 11 and up.

Piaget's theory is important to the study of child development because it was the first theory that recognized that children can actively and effectively learn on their own rather than being dependent on another person for learning to occur.

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Viktor Lowenfeld:

Taught art to elementary school students and sculpture to blind students.

Lowenfeld's psychological emphasis in this text gave scientific foundations to creative and artistic expression and identified developmentally age-appropriate art media and activities.

Stages of Growth & development in art:

Austrian & German art scholars established six stages in art.

2. Preschematic Stage:

Children begin to develop a visual schema. Schema meaning mental representation comes from Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory.

Without complete comprehension of dimensions and sizes, children may draw people and house the same height, and they use color more emotionally than logically.

3. Schematic Stage:

7 - 9 years

Drawings more reflect actual physical proportions and colors.

4. Drawing realism:

9 - 11 years
Drawings become increasingly representational

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Locus Of Control:

Psychologist Julian Rotter originated the term and concept of locus of control. It refers to the place where we attribute causes for outcomes we experience, either externally or internally. An external locus control is something outside of us, such as another person and his or her actions, an environmental event, or an unknown but exterior influence, like good or bad luck or random chance. An internal locus of control is something inside of us, such as our native ability, our motivation, or our effort. Blaming another for failing is an example of external locus control (e.g. “The teacher gave me something too hard” or “The sun was in my eyes”). Individuals may also attribute success externally: “ The teacher helped me” or “Johnny showed me how” or “I was lucky”. Blaming or crediting oneself for failure or success is the internal locus of control: “I didn't study the new words” or "I am stupid” with failures, or “I worked hard” or "I am smart” with successes.

Developmentally Appropriate Learning Environment:

LEV Vygotsky & Zone of Proximal Development:

Vygotsky identified an area or range of skills wherein a learner can complete a task he or she could not yet complete independently, given some help. He termed this the zone of proximal development (ZPD). Vygotsky found if a child is given assistance, guidance, or support from someone who knows more - especially another child just slightly more advanced in knowledge or skills - the first child can not only succeed at a task he or she is still unable to do alone, but that child also learns best through accomplishing something just slightly beyond his or her limits of expertise to do alone.

Jerome Bruner coined the term scaffolding to describe temporary support that others give learners for achieving tasks. Scaffolding is closely related to the ZPD in that only the amount of support needed is given, and it allows the learner to accomplish things he or she could not complete autonomously. Scaffolding is gradually withdrawn as the child's skills develop until the child reaches the level of expertise needed to complete the task on his or her own.

Bank Street Curriculum Approach to Early Childhood Education:

Lucy Sprague Mitchell founded the Bank Street curriculum, applying theoretical concepts from Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, John Dewey, and others. Bank Street is called a developmental-interaction approach. It emphasizes children's rich, direct interactions with a wide variety of ideas, materials, and people in their environments. The Bank Street method gives young children opportunities for physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development through engagement in various types of childcare programs. Typically, multiple subjects are included and taught to groups. Children can learn through a variety of methods and at different developmental levels. By interacting directly with their geographical, social, and political environments, children are prepared for lifelong learning through this curriculum. Using blocks, solving puzzles, going on field trips, and doing practical lab work are among the numerous learning experiences Bank Street offers. Its philosophy is that school can simultaneously be stimulating, satisfying, and sensible. School is a significant part of children's lives, where they inquire about and experiment with the environment and share ideas with other children as they mature.

Direct Instruction Method of Teaching Children:

Direct Instruction (DI) is a behavioral method of teaching. Therefore, learner errors receive immediate corrective feedback and correct responses receive immediate, obvious positive reinforcement. DI has a fast pace - 10 - 14 learner responses per minute overall - affording more attention and less boredom, reciprocal teacher-student feedback, immediate indications of learner problems to teachers, and natural reinforcement of teacher activities. DI thus promotes more mutual student and teacher learning than traditional "one-way" methods. Children are instructed in small groups according to ability levels.

Using Thematic Teaching Units:

To develop a thematic unit, a teacher designs a collection of related activities around certain themes or topics that cross several curriculum areas or domains. Thematic units create learning environments for young children that promote all children's active engagement, as well as their process of learning. By studying topics children find relevant to their own lives, thematic units build upon children's preexisting knowledge and current interests and also help them relate information to their own life experiences. Varied curriculum content can be more easily integrated through thematic units in ways that young children can understand and apply meaningfully.

Children's diverse individual learning styles are also accommodated through thematic units. Such units involve children physically in learning; teach them factual information in greater depth; teach them learning process-related skills, such as "learning how to learn"; holistically integrate learning; encourage cohesion in groups; meet children's individual needs; and provide motivation to both children and their teachers.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI):

IDEA's Legal Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury:

TBI is defined by the IDEA law ( Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) as "an acquired injury to the brain from external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child's educational performance." This definition excludes injuries from birth trauma, congenital injuries, and degenerative conditions. TBI is the foremost cause of death and disability in children in the USA. The most common causes of TBI in children include falls, motor vehicle accidents, and physical abuse. In spite of the IDEA'a definition, aneurysms and strokes are three examples of internal traumas that can also cause TBI in babies and young children. External head injuries that can result in TBI include both open and closed head injuries. Shaken baby syndrome is caused by forcibly shaking an infant. This causes the brain literally to bounce against the insides of the skull, causing rebound injuries, resulting in TBI and even death.

Q.1. Which of these is not one of the major personality structures proposed by Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalytic theory of development?

Ans: Libido

( The libido is part of the id according to Freud. It represents psychic energy as well as sex drive.)

Q.2. To support EC language development, experts advise which of the following teacher practices?

Ans: Asking children more open-ended questions

(Researchers advise EC teachers to ask children more open-ended questions, the kind that allows the children and the teacher to give two-and three-way responses in conversations, rather than the more common but less desirable practice of asking linear questions that demand one-way responses.)

Q.3. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, _________and _________are processes included in the overall process of ____________.

Ans: Assimilation; accommodation; adaptation

(Assimilation is fitting a new experience into an existing schema, and accommodation is altering an existing schema or forming a new schema to accommodate a new experience. These two processes are part of the overall process of adaptation.)

Q.4. Piaget coined the term "schema" to describe:

Ans: Mental concepts of categories or classes

(Schemata are mental constructs or concepts of categories or classes of things, e.g. things I can suck on; things I can throw; furry four-legged animals, etc.)

Q.5. The concept of object permanence is best characterized as:

Ans: "out of sight, still exists."

(Object permanence, which babies develop during Piaget's first, Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, is the realization that objects are still even when they are out of sight.)

Q.6. According to Piaget's theory, in what age range do children begin representing things with symbols?

Ans: Between 18 and 24 months

(Piaget theorized that children begin to use symbols to represent other things around the ages of 18-24 months. This is evident in their pretend play when they might use a broom to represent a horse or a guitar, or a block to represent a horse or a guitar, or a block to represent a phone; and pretend to be adults when playing "House,"etc.)

Q.7. A toddler sees a large brown dog and says, "Moo!" This is an example of:

Ans: Assimilation

(This is an example of assimilation. The toddler has a schema (concept) of large, brown, four-legged, furry animals as being cows. Seeing a large, brown, four-legged, furry dog, she/he fits it into the cow schema.)

Q.8. According to Piaget's theory, the term conservation means which of these?

Ans: The idea that amounts/numbers are the same regardless of shape or appearance

(Piaget used the term conservation to mean the ability children develop in the stage of Concrete Operations to conserve the concept of the same quantity regardless of changes in appearance, shape or arrangement)

Q.9. When a young child believes his /her thoughts caused something external to happen, which is the most specific Piagetian term to describe this phenomenon?

Ans: Magical thinking

(The most specific description of this in Piaget's terms is magical thinking. Animism (A) is his term for ascribing human qualities to inanimate objects.)

Q.10. Which of the following processes occurs earliest in children?

Ans: Centration

(Preoperational children center, or focus, on one attribute of an object to the exclusion of others.)

Q.11. In which of the six stages of artistic growth and development do children begin to develop a visual schema?

Ans: Preschematic

(During the Preschematic stage, around the ages of 4 - 6 years, children begin to develop a visual schema.)

Q.12. Which of the following is most effective for teaching pre-math and manipulative skills to preschool children?

Ans: Giving them solid objects to manipulate physically

(young children must have concrete things they can see, touch, and manipulate. )

Q.13. At what age do children typically undergo the second of three periods of language/communication development?

Ans: From 6-18 months

(Children to three developmental periods in language and communication)

Q.14. Which of the following is most typical of the language development of a two-year-old?

Ans: Using at least two pronouns correctly

(Typically, a two-year-old's language development includes correctly using at least two pronouns (e.g. me and you).

Q.15. Which of these is more typical of the language development of a two to three-year-old than of a preschooler?

Ans: Expressing opinions/preferences

(The toddler years are typically when children begin to express their opinions, likes and dislikes as well as their feelings and ideas; and to ask questions.

Q.16. Which of these is correct about one-on-one vs. group conversations between adults and young children?

Ans: Adults can better elicit children's abstract idea comprehension one on one

(It is easier for adults to find out what young children understand about abstract concepts during one-to-one conversations than in group conversations.)

Q.17. Which of the following teacher actions is most effective for foresting greater depth of preschoolers' comprehension of word meanings?

Ans: Giving multiple definitions and examples of new words

(To deepen young children's comprehension of word meanings, teachers should provide them with multiple definitions)

Q.18. What is correct about how teachers can support young children's language development when the children tell stories?

Ans: Storytelling permits young children to exercise their powers of imagination

(It is true that one benefit of children's storytelling is that allows them to engage and exercise their imaginations.)

Q.19. What is the most typical age for children to understand common opposites like big/little, hot/cold, etc?

Ans: Five years old

(Most children typically understand common antonyms around the age of five years.)

Q.20. According to Roger Brown's (1973) Stage I sentence types, which of these are classified under "Operations of Reference"?

Ans: A negative

(Brown's "operations of reference" in Stage I sentence types to include nomination (e.g. "this truck"), recurrence (e.g. "more juice"), and negation, which includes denial (e.g. "no drink"), rejection (e.g. "no more"), and nonexistence (e.g. "doggie go").

21. In Brown's (1973) Stages of Syntactical and Morphological Development, which of these age ranges is associated with what he designated as Stage I?

Ans: 12 - 26 months

(Brown designated Stage I as typical of children 12 to 26 months old.)

22. A child who correctly uses irregular past tenses of verbs, e.g. went, fell, froze, etc. Would in which of Roger Brown's Stages of Syntactic and Morphological Development?

Ans: Stage III

(Brown (1973) categorized correct use of irregular past tenses of verbs in his Stage III, associated with the age range of 36 -42 months.)

23. According to Roger Brown, a child who indicates the regular plural by saying "My toys" is in which of his Stages of Syntactical and Morphological Development?

Ans: Stage II

(Brown classified the use of the regular plural-s ending in his Stage II of Syntactical and Morphological Development.)

24. When characterizing young children, what did Vygotsky mean by the term "private speech" that he coined?

Ans: Speaking aloud to themselves during activities

( By "private speech", Vygotsky meant the way that young children typically verbalize aloud to themselves while engaging in solitary activities.)

25. Among the following auditory disabilities, which one does not involve any part of the hearing mechanism?

Ans: Central auditory processing disorder

(General auditory processing disorder is categorized as an auditory disability because it impairs the ability to understand spoken language received through the auditory sense.)

26. To promote young children's developing abstract thinking, which teacher technique to use during and after shared readings is /are best suited for use with children in the younger, rather than older, ages of early childhood?

Ans: Asking children to identify vocabulary words and describe story details

(Teachers can ask children at younger ages of early childhood to identify vocabulary words used in shared readings, e.g. "What was this called?" and describe story details, e.g.)

27. When a student is able to consider whether an information source is reputable, has been proven objectively, and is accepted by experts in its discipline, which element of critical thinking does the student demonstrate?

Ans: Evaluating supporting evidence

( Elements of critical thinking include distinguishing fact from opinion)

28. What is true about the sequence that teachers should use for phonics instruction with young children?

Ans: Teachers should introduce letters with similar sounds in separate lessons

( Teachers should keep from confusing young children by introducing letters to them that have similar sounds in separate lessons)

29. Which of these is correct regarding teacher assessment of early childhood print awareness using a storybook?

Ans: Teachers can ask children to point out uppercase/lowercase letters and punctuation marks

( Teachers can obtain a good assessment of the level of print awareness a young child has developed by using a storybook)

30. From birth to the age of 2 years, children typically grow to times their newborn weights.

Ans: four

(Typically, between birth and the age of two years, children grow to four times their newborn weights. This is the most rapid period of physical growth. After this, children's growth slows incrementally, decreasing between two and three years and decreasing even more between four and six years.)

31. By the time they are two years old, children's brains typically have grown to - their adult sizes.

Ans: 55%

(By the age of two years, children's brains have typically grown to 55% of their adult size)

32. What is true regarding children's motor development from infancy to preschool ages?

Ans: Motor skills development involves learning new physical movements over the course of time

(involves both learning new physical movements)

33. Which of these accurately reflects research findings on gender differences in early childhood motor development?

Ans: Despite certain differences, preschool motor development between genders is more similar than different.

(Researchers have observed consistent gender differences in preschool physical and motor development; however, they also observe that in spite of these differences, overall the physical and motor development of preschoolers is more similar than different between genders)

34. Regarding the three basic temperament types identified by psychologists in infants, which of these is true?

Ans: The majority of infants are found to have the Easy temperament

(Psychologists studying infant behaviors have classified their basic temperaments into Easy Difficult, and slow to warm Up)

35. When a child gives reasons for succeeding at something, which of the following reflects an internal locus of control?

Ans: "I did a good job because I worked so hard."

( When a person attributes his/her success to internal attributes, like hard work or intelligence, psychologist Julian Rotter named this internal locus of control)

36. For children with a primarily visual learning style, which material would be most effective to give them to help them understand abstract concepts and relationships?

Ans: Multicolor graphics

(Children with primarily visual learning styles focus on appearances and what they can see)

37. Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development corresponds to ages 2 -3 years in early childhood?

Ans: Autonomy vs. Shame

( Erikson saw infancy revolving around the nuclear conflict of Basic 'Trust vs. Mistrust. If a baby's needs are met, e.g. being fed timely, adequately, and consistently, s/he develops basic trust; if not, s/he develops basic mistrust)

38. Which of the following reflects an adult's expectation of a child that is developmentally appropriate?

Ans: Expecting a six-year-old to stay in their seat and attend a first-grade lesson

( The fact that most children are around six years old when they enter first grade is not a coincidence. This is the age when they are first able to stay in their seats, be quiet, and attend to a lesson without getting up and running around, shouting out on impulse, and having their attention wander)

39. According to Alfred Adler's theory about birth order, which of these applies to only or oldest children?

Ans: Only children tend to prefer the company of adults to the company of children

( Adler observed that only children are likely to prefer the company of adults over that of children as their experiences are with parents rather than siblings)

40. Which of the following correctly reflects Adler's theory of birth order's influences on personality development?

Ans: Some "babies" of the family grow to make grandiose plans, which never succeed

(One of the characteristics Adler described the youngest siblings in families is that being the smallest, they often wish to be bigger than their older siblings; so that they may make grandiose plans which never succeed)

41. In Adler's psychoanalytic theory, which of these did he believe about male/female siblings in family birth orders?

Ans: Boy siblings of an only girl can behave protectively toward her, and she may make an extra effort to please the father

( Adler observed that the boy siblings of the only girl in a family can behave overprotectively toward her, that the only girl may go to more effort to please the father)

42. According to Murray Bowen's Family Systems Theory, which of the following accurately reflects what he called the Family Projection Process?

Ans: Parental perception of child problems can become a self-fulfilling prophecy in the child's self-image

(Bowen described how the parent's perception of a child can become self-fulfilling prophecies by influencing the child's self-image. For example, a child may not initially be helpless or dependent, but if the parents perceive and thus treat the child that way by helping her/him too much, the child can actually become helpless and dependent)

43. Typically, young children eat most of the same foods as adults by the age of -

Ans: Two years old

(By the age of two years, young children eat most of the same foods that adults eat)

44. Which of the following is most accurate about the sleep needs and behaviors of young children?

Ans: Children typically need 10 - 12 hours of sleep at the ages of 2 -5 years

45. What is most true about hand-washing hygiene during early childhood?

Ans: Young children are unlikely to wash their hands long or thoroughly enough

46. Which of these most accurately reflects findings about mass media and other cultural influences on young children?

Ans: Viewing video violence has been proven to increase young children's aggressive behaviors

( Social psychologist Albert Bandura has proven that when children viewed videos with violent content, their aggressive behaviors increased.)

47. Which of the following have research studies found regarding the relative individualism or collectivism of different world cultures?

Ans: Asian and Latin American cultures are both more interdependent

48. What is true regarding survey findings about family differences among American socioeconomic and racial groups?

Ans: Data have shown more violence in African-American families, than in Latino, then White families

( Data collected from 2003 show that more than 15% of African-American families had violent conflicts; over 11% OF lATIN FAMILIES DID; FEWER THAN 9% OF wHITE FAMILIES DID.)

49. Which of these have researchers found about cultural and familial influences on school readiness and achievement?

Ans: American children in minority groups show lower average school readiness than American white children

(The National Survey on Early Childhood Health recently did find significant differences in parenting practices. as well as in-home routines and home safety measures, of Latino and African American families)

50. Which of the following reflects an early childhood application of Freud's psychoanalytic theory of development?

Ans: providing safe and sanitary objects for babies to mouth

51. Which of the following is an early childhood practice that best applies knowledge of Piaget's first stage of cognitive development?

Ans: Providing many manipulable toys that move and make noises

52. The animation of letters and numbers in Sesame Street, or of objects in SpongeBob Square Pants, appeals to children in Piaget's Preoperational stage of cognitive development because of their:

Ans: Animistic thinking

53. Which of the following is NOT one of Bandura's conditions required for learning?

Ans: cognition

54. When a toddler begins to shout, 'NO!' often, Erikson would characterize this behavior as:

Ans: Developing autonomy

55. In Maslow's theory, which needs are at the base of the pyramid?

Ans: Physiological

56. According to Carl Rogers, a child who relies primarily on external locus of control demonstrates:

Ans: Conditional positive self-regard

57. A young child wakes up early one day and enjoys not being rushed by his mother in getting ready for preschool. This child then makes a point of waking up early again on subsequent days. According to behaviorist theory, this illustrates which principle?

Ans: Negative reinforcement

58. Which statement is most accurate about the Montessori Method of education?

Ans: The self-direction and self-correction of children are emphasized

59. Which of these correctly represents an element of the Bank Street Curriculum approach to early childhood education?

Ans: Children learn at various developmental levels

60. Which statement accurately reflects Friedrich Froebel's philosophy of early childhood education?

Ans: Froebel believed that nature is the heart of all learning

61. Of the following, which is true Stegfried Engelmann's contributions to early childhood education?

Ans: Engelmann demonstrated that Piaget's conservation of liquid volume did not depend only on a child's stage

62. The HighScope Curriculum for preschoolers (Weikart et al) identifies 58 key developmental experiences for active learning, dividing them into 10 main categories. Which of the following does NOT correctly represent one of the first five of these 10 categories?

Ans: Music, including being able to write musical notation and compositions

63. Which of these statements accurately reflects the principles of emergent literacy theory?

Ans: Young children learn reading and writing concurrently rather than sequentially

64. Which of the following is true about the whole language approach to early childhood literacy instruction?

Ans: The whole language approach is based on the philosophy and psychology of constructivism

65. What statement correctly represents how the whole language instructional approach addresses young children's mechanical errors in early literacy learning?

Ans: Children's overall engagement, comprehension, and appreciation precede correction.

66. When children construct meaning, they may address new information that does not fit into their existing concepts or schemes by either forming a new scheme or changing an existing one. What is this process called?

Ans: Accommodation

67. Which statement correctly describes some benefits to young children of the Language Experience Approach ( LEA)?

Ans: Children realize they acquire knowledge and understanding from their own experiences

68. Which of the following is correct regarding early childhood reading instruction using basal readers?

Ans: Instruction from smaller to larger skills helps student transitions from part to whole

69. Which of these helps young children to decode text in the basal reader approach to reading instruction?

Ans: All of these help for decoding of text.

70. What statement is accurate regarding the Directed Reading Activity (DRA) instructional practice using basal readers?

Ans: Teachers first prepare students to read by introducing new concepts, words and stimulating motivation.

71. Which best expresses what the Directed Reading Thinking Activity (DR-TA) is intended to accomplish?

Ans: To develop critical reading through teaching group comprehension

72. Which accurately reflects a contrast between the Directed Reading Activity (DRA) and the Directed Reading- Thinking Activity (DR- TA) as methods of reading instruction using basal readers?

Ans: DRA requires convergent thinking whereas DR-TA also requires divergent thinking

73. What statement is most accurate about using manipulatives in preschool math instruction?

Ans: Manipulatives are proven to be effective learning devices

74. Which of the following foundational science skills is best illustrated by an activity comparing non-standard measures, such as using scales to find the weight ratio when comparing apples and grapes.

Ans: inference

75. Which of the following is true about preschool activities to teach scientific inquiry and discovery?

Ans: comparing similarities and contrasting differences in objects are good activities

76. What statement is most appropriate regarding how teachers can help preschoolers learn to use scientific inquiry and discovery?

Ans: Teachers can find materials in their everyday environments

77. Which of these is accurate regarding physical and motor development in preschoolers?

Ans: Preschool children's bodies have higher centers of gravity

78. Of the following, which is true of teaching preschool children about the visual art element of color?

Ans: Children can learn color names, discrimination, and classification

79. What can preschool children learn from lessons about the visual art element of line?

Ans: Children's ability to recognize shapes will develop

80. What is included in the benefits of instructional activities teaching preschoolers about the visual art element of shape?

Ans: Early geometric math skills are developed

81. What is the correct meaning of cognitive dissonance?

Ans: A feeling of discomfort due to contradictory information

82. Of the following, which is true about providing affective learning experiences for preschoolers?

Ans: children's social development and interactions require emotional development

83. Giving preschool children an activity using different body postures and movements to portray different emotions can accomplish which of these?

Ans: Children participate in physical exercise while having fun

84. Which of the following most accurately describes aspects of early childhood social development?

Ans: Young children develop and apply motor skills before verbal skills

85. How much usable play space at a minimum do experts recommend for indoor and outdoor early childhood learning environments?

Ans: At least 35 sq. ft. indoors and 75 sq. ft. outdoors

86. Which of these is correct regarding expert guidelines for indoor and outdoor spaces in EC learning environments?

Ans: Spaces should be arranged for individual, small-group, and large-group activity

87. Of the following, which is correct about considerations in arranging indoor learning environments to fit with curriculum planning for toddlers and preschoolers?

Ans: The rooms should be organized to enable different activities

88. A teacher tells a class that anybody who gets 100 percent on the next quiz will be excused from doing homework for that day. According to behaviorist terminology relative to motivation theory, this incentive is an example of what technique?

Ans: Negative reinforcement

89. In indoor EC learning environments, which of the following is most related to providing for children's privacy needs?

Ans: small inner rooms and partitions

94. What is the meaning of the "10:1 Rule" relative to early childhood behavior management?

Ans: For every 1 negative comment /correction, give 10 positive comments

95. Which statement is correct about managing young children's typical behaviors in care and educational settings?

Ans: Children should be consistently rewarded for following the rules

96. What applies for EC educators to include children's families in their education?

Ans: Educators should acknowledge parents' integral role in child learning

97. Which of these is most appropriate to EC educators for involving diverse families in children's education?

Ans: Educators should ask families to develop their own goals for educational participation

98. Which of these should EC educators communicate to diverse families of the children they instruct?

Ans: Information about development and methods for nurturing growth

99. For teachers to make informal assessments of pre-K classes, which of these would apply?

Ans: Teachers make classroom observations each targeting different skills

100. Which of these is accurate concerning formal assessment instruments used in early childhood education?

Ans: Formal assessments are typically standardized tests given to groups

101. In his social learning theory, what does Bandura mean by reciprocal determinism?

Ans: Learning mutually involves individual, behavior, and environment

102. What is accurate about different screening and assessment instruments used in EC.

Ans: Not all of these are appropriate for ethnically diverse populations

103. Which statement is true about different screening and assessment instruments that can be used by educational programs for testing young children?

Ans: There are some instruments focusing on only one facet within a domain

104. Of the following, what is most accurate regarding ECE applications of screening and assessment instruments?

Ans: Assessment instruments are used in planning curriculum and treatment programs

105. What is an accurate statement about selecting screening and assessment instruments according to the age ranges they cover for use in ECE programs?

Ans: Tests covering the entire age range served in a program can be used in mid-program to monitor progress

106. Regarding paper and pencil reports for adults to provide screening and assessment of young children, which of these best reflects their characteristics?

Ans: self-reporting instruments have the advantage that they usually take shorter times to complete

107. Adult interviews used to gather screening/assessment information about infants and young children:

Ans: Are brief but usually still longer than self-reporting measures

108. Which of the following screening and assessment methods yield the most comprehensive information for determining EC diagnoses and developing individualized plans for EC care or instruction?

Ans: instruments that use multiple methods

109. Which of these is a correct definition of test-retest reliability?

Ans: An instrument gets the same results when given twice or more to the same child within a short time period

110. Of the following, which defines internal consistency in EC screening and assessment instruments?

Ans: Two children score past a test's cutoff for assessment needs on most of the same items

111. Which of these would apply to a test of EC social-emotional development with high content validity?

Ans: A child's performance on the test can be used to generalize about how it predicts real-life functioning

112. What is correct regarding predictive validity, sensitivity, specificity, and false-positive and false-negative errors in screening and assessment instruments used with preschool children?

Ans: A screening tool identifies a potential mental health disorder which a complete evaluation then diagnoses

113. How can assessment results be applied to instructional planning for ECE groups and individual children?

Ans: making organized outlines of developmental guidelines gives bases for anecdotal and authentic assessments

114. In a hypothetical scenario, an EC teacher sees injuries to a child in her class. She also has observed that this child's mother has a new boyfriend; behaves fearfully; and is evasive with the teacher's questions. Then the child tells this teacher that this new boyfriend hurt the child. Which description of the teacher's response would best meet legal responsibilities for a professional in the ECE setting?

Ans: The teacher reports her suspicions because the law requiring it was made to stop violence against children

Module -1

1. Haward Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences focuses primarily on which of the following aspects of education?

Ans: D. The various ways in which children think and learn

2. A PreK-4 teacher can best create a culturally inclusive classroom environment for all students by regularly:

Ans: A. encouraging students to share information about their cultures with the class.

3. A kindergarten teacher observes two children playing together. The children are attempting to use blocks and other play materials to build a bridge for their toy cars. The first bridge that they build collapses when they begin to roll the toy cars across it. Which of beginning to roll the toy cars across it. Which of the following teacher questions could best promote the development of the student's reasoning and problem-solving skills?

Ans: Why do you think the bridge fell over? How can you build the bridge differently?

4. Children who demonstrate typical language development most often begin using two-word utterances between the ages of:

Ans: 18 to 24 months

5. As second-grade students are learning a new Science concept, the teacher helps them acquire knowledge and skills that they do not acquire on their own by using prompts, giving suggestions providing feedback, and modeling activities. In this situation, which of the following strategies is the teacher primarily using to faster students' cognitive development?

Ans: c. Scaffolding

Ans: D. ensuring that a variety of materials are available in the classroom for students to try out and explore during playtime.

7. Prek-4 teachers have the goal of being culturally competent educators who use an understanding of diversity among young children to plan developmentally, culturally, and linguistically appropriate instruction that meets the needs of all their students. The most important first step for the teachers to take in achieving this goal is to:

Ans: examine their own cultures and beliefs and their impact on interactions with students

8. According to convergent research, which of the following factors has been shown to have the greatest effect on a child's language development?

Ans: The amount of verbal input the child receives from caregivers and others.

9. Which of the following is an essential component of a formative assessment?

Ans: A. Monitoring and adjusting a teacher strategy during the learning process based on individual student progress

Ans: align daily lessons and activities with the targeted learning outcomes.

11. Which of the following assessment practices would be considered ethical?

Ans: B. using ongoing informal assessments of students learning to guide the instructional process

Ans: A. helping the teacher identify areas where students may need additional reinforcement

Ans: B. establishing partnerships with families in the assessment of their children's learning and development.

14. Using spreadsheet software to maintain students' performance data is likely to provide a teacher with the most support in which of the following areas?

Ans: A. Identifying specific gaps in students' learning

15. Which of the following statements best describes the major role of assessment authors in the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA)?

Ans: B. Clear the standards assessed on the PSSA to support students' learning of essential skills and knowledge.

Ans: B. Help ensure that the language function of the assessment is appropriate for the student's level of English Language Proficiency.

Ans: D. Identifying any specific weaknesses in the student's academic knowledge and skills

The teacher then leads the student in various reading and language activities using the dictated text. A primary benefit of this approach is that it helps the student:

Ans: D. Make connections between oral and written English