Educational Psychology
By Anita Woolfolk
Brief Contents:
1. Learning, Teaching, and Educational Psychology
Part-1: Students
2. Cognitive Development and Language
3. The Self, Social and Moral Development
4. Learner Differences and Learning Needs
5. Culture and Diversity
Part-2: Learning and Motivation
6. Behavioral Views of Learning
7. Cognitive Views of Learning
8. Complex Cognitive Processes
9. The Learning Sciences and Constructivism
10. Social Cognitive Views of Learning and Motivation
11. Motivation in Learning and Teaching
Part-3: Teaching and Assessing
12. Creating Learning Environments
13. Teaching Every Student
14. Classroom Assessment, Grading, and Standardized Testing
15. Licensure Appendix
Welcome to my favorite topic- educational psychology - the study of development, learning, and motivation in and out of schools.
What is educational psychology today?
Ans: The view generally accepted is that educational psychology is a district discipline with its own theories, research methods, problems, and techniques. Educational psychologists do research on learning and teaching and at the same time, work to improve educational practice.
Theories For Educational Psychology:
Stages: Piaget, Freud and Erikson:
Over the years, some psychologists have explained changes from infancy to adulthood as a passage through a series of stages.
Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) created one of the best-known stage theories, describing four qualitatively different stages of cognitive development. From one stage to the next, the thinking of the child changes in ways that involve more than the addition of knowledge and skills. According to Piaget's stage theory, all the explanations and practices in the world will not help a child functioning at one stage to understand the ways of thinking at the higher stage. We consider Piaget's theory in depth in Chapter 2 on cognitive development and explore his four stages of thinking: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal.
Sigmund Freud: Even if you have not heard of Jean Piaget. I'll bet you have heard of Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939). By analyzing the dreams and childhood memories of his patients, mostly upper-middle-class women. Freud decided that there were five stages of psychosexual development - the same five stages in the same order for all people. If the conflicts of one stage are not resolved. Freud suggested that the individual could become fixated at this stage. When you hear a comedian refer to someone as an "anal personality." obsessed with order and control, for example, you are hearing the popular culture version of Freud's idea of fiction at the anal stage - the time when children are experiencing toilet training.
Freud was criticized for overemphasizing sex and aggression, for basing his theories on the memories of wealthy European women with very specific mental problems, for creating stages of development in childhood without ever studying children, and for collecting no experimental data that might support or refute his theories. But his concepts of unconscious motivation and the importance of early experience, especially parent-child relationships, were powerful influences in the field and also in literature, art, psychology, anthropology, religion, sociology, therapy, and history, to name only a few areas.
Erik Erikson: Freud also was an important influence on the life and work of Erik Erikson (1902 - 1994), who offered a basic framework for understanding the needs of young people in relation to society. In his psychosocial theory, Erikson, like Piaget and Freud, saw development as a passage through a series of stages, each with its particular goals, concerns, accomplishments, and dangers.
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